The unit and measurement | physics

Here in this blog content , we will go to learn more about this unit and measurement .

So before we learn about unit and measurement , let's talk about field of measurement .

1) Physics 

2) physical quantity

3) units

4) Measurement 

So here , let's know about this given concept one by one .

1) Physics : The physics defined as , it is the branch of science , which deals with study of matter and natural phenomena .

2) Physical quantity : The physical quantities defined as , the quantity which are included in the physics is called as or known as physical quantities .

For an example : i) Length , ii) Mass , iii) Time , iv) Temperature , v) Velocity , etc.

3) Unit : The unit is defined as , the standard which are used for measurement purpose of physical quantities is called as or known as unit .

 4) Measurement : The measurement is defined as , the comparison of unknown quantity with respect respect to fixed quantity is called as or known as measurement . 

So let's known about , what is the requirement of unit ?

i) The first requirement of unit is , it should be universally accepted .

ii) The second requirement of unit is , it should be invariable with time and place .

iii) The third requirement of unit is , it should be well define .

iv) The fifth requirement of unit is , it should not be too large or too small .

v) The sixth requirement of unit is , it should be reproducible .

vi) The seventh requirement of unit is , it should be easily convert into smaller unit .

* Let's know about ,

a) Fundamental quantities : So the fundamental quantities is defined as , the quantity , which does not depends on any other quantities for their measurement is called as or known as fundamental quantities .

b) Fundamental unit : The fundamental unit is defined as , the unit of fundamental quantity is called as or known as fundamental unit .

What are the seven fundamental quantities ?

Fundamental quantities     Fundamental unit

1) Length                                    m ( metre ) 

2) Mass                                        kg ( kilogram )

3) Time                                        s ( second ) 

4) Temperature                         k ( kelvin ) 

5) Electric current                     A ( ampere )

6) Luminous intensity              cd ( candela )

7) Amount of substance           mole

                        

c) Derived quantity : The derived quantity is defined as , the quantity which depends upon one or more fundamental quantities is called as or known as derived quantity .

d) Derived unit : The derived unit is defined as , the unit of derived quantity is called as or known as derived unit .

So let's see the example of this derived quantities .

Derived quantity                 Derived unit

1) Area                                        m^2

2) Volume                                   m^3

3) Velocity                                   m/s

4) Acceleration                           m/s^2

5) Speed                                       m/s

6) Pressure                               N/m^2 or pascal

7) Impulse                         N.s (newton second)

8) Momentum                         kg . m/s

9) Stress                                    N/m^2

10) Strain                               strain has no unit

11) Frequency                         hertz ( Hz )

12) work                           kg . m^2/s^2  or joule

13) Power                          watt or joule/second

   etc...          

* What is systems of unit ? 

Ans : A set of fundamental unit and derived unit is called as or known as system of unit .

There are units are available in different groups . The system of units , which are used in C.G.S , M.K.S , F.P.S , and S.I . Here length mass and time are taken as basic physical quantities , using these basic quantities many physical quantities are derived .

1) C.G.S : Here in this C.G.S system , the unit length , mass and time are take as centimetre , gram and second respectively .

2) M.K.S : Here in this M.K.S system , the unit length , mass and time are taken as metre kilogram and second respectively .

3) F.P.S ( British system ) : Here in this F.P.S system , the unit length , mass and time are taken as foot pound and second .

4) S.I : Here in this , the S.I it is the abbreviation of international system of unit.

* So here , let's know about rules to write the unit ,

1) The unit name after scientist are not written with a capital letter .

For an example :

Right this one --  i) newton , ii) henry , iii) watt , etc.

Not right this one -- i) Newton , ii) Henry , iii) Watt , etc.

2) The symbol of unit name after scientist should be written in capital .

For an example : i) N - for newton , ii) H - for henry , iii) W - watt , etc.

3) Small letters are used as symbol for unit .

For an example : i) kilogram - kg , ii) metre - m

4) There is no full-stop or any punctuation mark should be used before or after the symbol of unit .

For an example :

Not right -- i) 40 m;   ii) 40.m   iii) 40m.

Right this one -- i) 40 m ii) 40 m  iii) 40 m

And last one is ,

5) The symbol of unit is always written in singular form .

For an example :

Right this one -- i) 1kg   ii) 10kg

Not right --     1kgs  ii) 10kgs

* So let's see the significant figures ,

The digit from ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) which are useful for assigning a true value to result is called as or known as significant figure .

So we learn ' Rules to write this significant figures '

1) So here in this all the digit from ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) are significant figures .

2) The second ones is , the zero become significant , if it comes in between two non-zero digits .

For an example : i) 102 km   ii 101 litre water

3) In the third rule , the all zero to the right side of decimal point and left side zero digit are non-significant .

For an example : i) 0.0123 -- 3 significant  figure

4) In the fourth rule , the zero is significant , if it is to the right side of non-zero digit after decimal point .

For an example : 0.2300 --. 4 significant figure

5) And in the fifth rule , if zero is in right side of the non-zero number than it may be significant or may be not .

For an example : i) 0.00476  -- 3 significant figure

ii) 1.024  -- 4 significant

* So let's learn about , what is an error ,

Error : So an error is define as , a fault or mistake can be observed even after most careful observation are taken for measurement is called as or known as error.

So here we will go to learn about the different types of error ,

1) Instrumentation error : In instrumentation an error causes due to faulty instrument is called as or known as instrumental error . 

So how we can fix this type of an instrumentation error ?

Ans : we actually fix this type of instrumentation error , by replacing faulty instrument with another instrument .

2) Systematic error : Systematic type an error cause due to faulty setting by the observer or an experiment is called as or known as systematic error .

So how we can fix this type of an error ?

Ans : So we can fix this systematic error or minimize this systematic error by identifying it's causes .

3) Random error : Random type an error causes due to climatic condition and human limitation is called as or known as random error .

So how we can fix this type of Random error?

Ans : We fix this Random error or minimize this Random error , by performing multiple time of an experiment and taking large number of reading . So that we can fix or minimize this type of an error .

 The advantage and disadvantage of indoor antenna amplifier

Ans. 

                                                     

So here in this blog content , first of all we will go to learn more about , what is indoor antenna ? . So the answer is , the indoor antenna is one type of antenna which receive t.v signal , but in this , it is actually place inside in the house and not place or mounted on the roof of house .

So we hope you understand , what is indoor antenna simply !

This indoor antenna is usually think about a very simple and inexpensive solution that may run well , when the receiver is close by to the transmitter . It's mean that , when receiver side and transmitter side relatively close to each other , than it's possible to transmitter and receiver do their work properly .

Instead of this , if both are shifted to a far distance , than it is loses it's frequency and it is failed to receive the signal . And will we no longer to watch the t.v channels .

So let's discuss about it's advantage and disadvantage .

First we take Advantage of indoor antenna amplifier

1) The indoor antenna amplifier is affordable : This indoor antenna amplifier is first of all free . We can install this indoor antenna amplifier by our-self , we did not pay any annual payment fees , as like as we pay fees for cable and satellite in annual payment antenna .

2) The indoor antenna is adaptable : Here the second advantage of this indoor antenna amplifier is more adaptable . It means that we can place in any where in our home , without taking much more tension . We simply place this indoor antenna amplifier on the t.v also .

3) The indoor antenna is work well in both rural and urban areas : As we see this , indoor antenna amplifier it's size is small as compared to roof antenna , so it's easily available everywhere . And also work with great potency .

Now , we will go to see the Disadvantage of this indoor antenna amplifier

1) In indoor antenna amplifier has very less channel choice option : In this indoor antenna amplifier , we sadly say that , if you are going to install this indoor antenna amplifier , than you have to accept this limited t.v channel choice option .

We can access number of channel in this indoor antenna amplifier , but if we talk about cable and satellite networks , it's provide our user far more t.v channel choice option .

2) The second most disadvantage of this indoor antenna amplifier is susceptible to interference : So here in this disadvantage , in the indoor antenna amplifier is , when transmitter transmit it's signal frequency the walls and ceiling of the house do not permit the signal to make allow to go to the receiver point.

Or we can say that in other words that , it weakens the signal frequency to go to the receiver side .

So because of this issue , the broadcaster needs high frequency for transmitting signal to the receiver side .

 The Circular Motion

                                                    

So in this blog content we will learn about circular motion . So first of all we will know , what is circular motion ? 

So the answer is : the motion of a particle , which move along the circumference of a circle is called as or known as circular motion .

For an example of this , circular motion :         1) The movement of the the cyclist in a circular path , it is the best example of this circular motion .

So we will see some related example of these circular motion .

2) The motion of the planets around or circling the sun. 

3) The motion of the moon , around the planet earth .

4) Motion of the earth , around the sun .

5) The motion of the electrons , around the nucleus in an atom .

etc...

The name of circular motion or we can say that in other words that , Angular motion .

As we see the circular motion ,

So let's know about , what is actually mean of word motion ? 

Ans : The mean of the word " motion " is , if a body or object change it's position with respect to time period , than it is called as or known as motion .

So for an example : 1) Hands of clock , 2) Moving fan , etc. 

The opposite of this motion is rest .

So we let's know about , what is rest ?

Ans : The mean of concept or phenomena " rest " is , if a body does not change it's position with respect to time period , than it is called as or known as rest .

So for an example : 1) A book is place on the table , 2) A chalk is in box , etc.

So let's see some definition as given as ,

1) Linear motion : The linear motion is defined as , when a body is moving along a straight line , than it is called as or known as linear motion .

2) Inertia : The inertia is defined as , the every body has a tendency , it does not change it's position by itself , unless and until external force is act on it , is called as or known as inertia .

3) Velocity : The velocity is defined as , the rate of change of displacement with respect to time , is called as or known as velocity .

4) Speed : The speed is defined as , the rate of change of distance with respect to time , is called as or known as speed .

5) Acceleration : The acceleration is defined as , the rate of change of velocity with respect to time , is called as or known as acceleration .

6) Retardation : The retardation is defined as , the negative of acceleration , is called as or known as retardation .

7) Gravitational acceleration or Acceleration due to gravity : Gravitational acceleration or Acceleration due to gravity is defined as , there is force of attraction between any body and earth , this force of attraction cause an acceleration , which is called as or known as gravitational acceleration or acceleration due to gravity .

8) Periodic motion : The periodic motion is defined as , the motion of a body , which repeated a position by itself in equal interval of time , is called as or known as periodic motion .

So let's see the examples of this Periodic motion : 1) Hands of clock , 2) A swing in a motion , 3) The motion of fan , etc .

So here let's see types of periodic motion ,

i) Oscillatory motion : The oscillatory motion is defined as , it is the motion , in which an object repeated the same motion again an again , is called as or known as oscillatory motion .

The example of this , oscillatory motion is : 1) vibration of tuning fork

2) Hands of clock 

3) The movement of swing 

4) The movement of simple pendulum

5) The compound bar pendulum

6) The moving fan 

etc...

ii) Vibratory motion : The vibratory motion is defined as , the motion in which , the body or object moves to and fro from it's mean position , is called as or known as vibratory motion .

The examples of this vibratory motion is : 1) The pulsating ( The doctor check pulse ) 

2) The vibration of tuning fork

3) The pendulum

etc...

iii) Simple Harmonic Motion ( S.H.M ) : The simple harmonic motion is defined as , it is the periodic motion , in which force is always directed towards the mean position and it's magnitude is directly proportional to the displacement of the particle , that is f is directly proportional to x , is called as or known as simple harmonic motion .

Or

We can defined simple harmonic motion in other words that , when an object or body moving to and fro along the same path , than it called as or known as simple harmonic motion .

Where as  f = force constant

x = displacement

Examples of this simple harmonic motion is : 1) The needle of sewing machine , when you see needle of sewing machine , it is constantly move in a same path to and fro .

So we will see some terms related to this simple harmonic motion is as ,

i) Time period or periodic time ( T ) : The time period or periodic time is defined as , the time required to complete one oscillation is called as or known as time period or periodic time . It's unit be second ( S ) .

ii) Amplitude : The amplitude is defined as , the maximum displacement of a wave is called as or known as amplitude . It's unit be metre ( m ) .

iii) Frequency : The frequency is defined as , the number of vibration are completed in one seconds is called as or known as frequency . It's unit be hertz ( Hz ) .

iv) Phase : The phase is defined as , it is the starting position is called as or known as phase . It unit is radian or degree .

v) wavelength : The wavelength is defined as , the distance between two successive crest or trough is called as or known as wavelength . It unit is Angstrom .

                

The Active and Passive components of electrical and electronics

 The Active and Passive component / element in Electrical & Electronics 

Here , if you see this word Active and Passive do you know that , what is the mean in electrical and electronics .

So let's first of all we learn to know that the , what is Active component / element in electrical and electronics ?

Active component / element : so , the active component or we can say that active element is capable of providing the energy independently for an infinite period of time , is called as or known as Active component / element .

                                             

Or 

we can defined Active component / element in other words that : the Active component or Active element is capable to provide an average power to some external device or we can say they electronic circuit , over an infinite period of time .

So take an example of this Active component / element : Battery , vacuum tube , voltage Source , Current Source , Transistor , Op-amp etc.

Passive component / element : so here , the passive component or we can say that in other words that , the passive element is not capable to providing the energy independently for an infinite period of time , is called as or known as passive component / element .

                                                    

Or

 we can define this Passive component / element : so in other words the passive component / element is define as , it is not capable to providing the energy independently for an infinite period of time , is called as or known as Active component / element .

So here in this Passive component / element we see the  examples of this is , Resistor , Capacitor , Inductor , Transformer , Diode , etc .

Let's see one by one concept of this passive component / element .

1) Resistor : As we know that , the Resistor is used to limiting the flow of electric current in the conductor , so as you know that it is only purpose of controlling the electric current only and it is not come in use to delivering energy independently for an infinite period of time .

                                                    

So the Resistor is energy dependent component or we can say that in other words that , it is energy dependent element .

2) Capacitor : so here as you know that , capacitor only store energy and releases energy when come in use . 

So here in this capacitor also you see that it is a energy dependent component or we can say that , energy dependent element .

                                                      

                                                           

3) Inductor : We know that about inductor , which it is a passive component / element which is very capable to storing the electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy .

So here we see in this inductor also , if we cut supply of electrical energy it stop storing energy in the form of magnetic energy . So it is also a energy dependent component or we can say they , energy dependent element .

                                                     

4) Transformer : The transformer work to " step-up " or " step-down " voltages and current . But frequency remain as it is or we can say that frequency remains constant .

But transformer also fail , if we cut off the supply source of voltage and current . Than it means that , these also is energy dependent component or we can say that energy dependent element .

                                          

5) Diode : So as above given those component or element , this diode also work when supply sources of voltage and current is connected . So here , this diode is make flow of current in unidirectional of alternate current ( A.C ) .

So simply it's mean that , these diode is also energy dependent component or we can say that in other words that , energy dependent element .

                                                 
                                                      

The Stress Management | physics

Do you know this , what is stress management ? , Here the answer is stress management , simply means that to control or we can say that to manage of our mentality , emotion , thoughts etc. is known as or called as stress management .

So here let's start to know in detail all about stress management . We have all today seen that in hurly-burlies  life , we have not time to eat our meal . We have not a bit of second to think about our self . So we hope you may think that , how busy we are in today's life .

As we busy in today's life , we slowly slowly become careless of about our health . So because of our carelessness , we fall ill physically and mentally . So when this type of problem happen in the life of people , then they got tremendous pain in her life . So you can imagine , how painful situation created at that moment .

So many people choose option to move towards taking smoke , alcohol , drugs as like intoxicant substance for minimising our pain . Or we can say like that they want to  forgetting about our painful life and they wanted free stressful life . But you think here is it a wrong or right option ? .

So the option is absolutely wrong , so here you may ask , why it is wrong ? , So the answer is , for understanding this concepts you may have to think like , when you are in a stressful situation , what is going with you ! In that situation your mind keep constantly generated uncontrollable thoughts . Which it proves very lethal for your health and it leads to several health and mental problems.

So , the right option to care your self without taking any kind of intoxicant substances . Which is really realy very bad for your health and mental problem . So here the right option is laughing , you may be heard from somewhere " laughing is the best medicine " .

So have you seen the loudly laughing people ( citizen ) in the morning in public garden !! , it is really popularized by the name called       ' laughter club ' . So here in this ' laughter club ' people gather and talk to each other and share our feeling to each other .

As you know that " sharing is caring " it means that 'when you have problem and if you discuss with your friend partner the pain automatically goes down ' which is really it proves that " sharing is caring " .

So when you feel alone yourself , you simply talk to someone , then you really feel very peaceful in your mind and slowly slowly you come to in relax position . This concept is really work , and remember always whenever you feel some kind of unwell or we can say that in other words , when you realize yourself , I am not feeling well or when you stuck in such a big problem you have apply this concept to over come out to that type of situation . 

You have many ways of expression like establishing communication with your parents , friends , cousins , teachers , peers , native relatives and many more option you have to expressing your feeling to your near and dear ones , which it is really really help to minimizing of your stress .

Instead of sitting alone , you have many several option to do , when you are in a stressful situation . For example , like such as drawing , painting , listening Favourite music , watch comedy shows , spend time in nature , make a photography album , dancing , go for walking in a morning , walk on green grass in the early morning , etc. this are very helpful to minimizing of your stress. 

So you have must properly use your free time . By doing this types of activities with yourself . When you doing this type of activities , your mind get diverted and you stop think about negative thoughts . By involving your self in this types of activities , the negative thoughts automatically get vanished .

1 ) So overcome to that type of problem, you have to simply start meditation for 10 minutes . And slowly slowly practice to increasing time period for meditation . 

2) You may heard from some where, laughing is the best medicine . So in the early morning try to laugh loudly by open your hands in the sky .

3) Take a proper sleep dose to feel fresh and relax . A good sleep dose leads to peace in the mind .

4) Try to sleep early and try to wake up early in the morning , than you feel peace in mind. The reason wake up early in the morning is that , in the early morning time everywhere in our environment  silence zone is created . Which is very best moment for us to take the full advantage of that moment .

5) After wake up early in the morning you should drink lukewarm water . Which is very best for our stomach . It cleans our complete digestive system .

6) So by follow this tips you can managed your stressful situation . Whatever problem comes in you life , you fully ready to face that type of challenge , without any losing self confidence . You confidently face that type of situation with your self esteem .

       

 The - CPH4

Here , in this blog you get the complete detail about the CPH4 . The CPH4 stands for 6 - carboxytetrahydropterin synthase , this is the real name of the CPH4 or we can say that IUPAC name, means that ( International of pure and Applied Chemistry ) .

                 The CPH4 play a very vital role or we can say that play a very significant role in the function of small organisms cell . The enzymes in the cell are used to produce other types of vital molecules that are very essential for the cell to functioning properly. The CPH4 enzyme produces Queuosine . The Queuosine is a molecule that are very essentially helps to hold the tRNA of the bacterial cells together . It is just like glue to stick or we can say in other words that, it binds to each other .

                So here before getting into much detail concept , let me get you familiar with some terminologies . This is literally all about nootropics . Nootropics are those substances ( Matter ) , which enhance cognition , memory and thus it's facilitates in learning .The CPH4 are still a subject of research and aren't still classify into any types of category of drug . 

                The effects of these nootropics depends strongly upon the neurochemistry of each person . So it means that , different-different person have different-different neurochemistry accordingly . So here in these ' Lucy ' movie scarlet Johnson takes a drug called CPH4 to approach her brain function and because of this , she becomes the most intelligent and powerful human being in the whole planet .

                 Now CPH4 is a pure work for fiction as like as NZT drug . The NZT drug that Bradly Cooper takes in the movie 'Limitless'. Both these drugs are actually approach the brain to the point , where the subjects can use all of their gray matter on a regular basis and because of this , nothing can stop them . What most people do not aware about that both these CPH4 and NZT were inspired by a real life medication called as modafinil .

                So let's learn more about these modafinil . Unlike it is a fictional version , modafinil do not allow access to gray matter but it improves the cognitive function and memory . Modafinil stimulate the brain and subject enter a state of wakefulness , alert , aware and in this way , it is easier to focus on a different activities without experiencing much for .

              The best part of this is that , it has not got any side effects , so it is safer to take it without rising addiction stuffs . So we can say that , it is actually possible to dream of a time , where pills like CPH4 will be available for public , but for the time being condition , modafinil is a great recommended option analogical to CPH4 .

             The CPH4 produces in a pregnant women in a six weeks of pregnancy . These biological molecule produces during six weeks of pregnancy in a very small quantity. But the real fact that of this CPH4 , when we consume this we attain full capacity of our brain is totally wrong . You also think like , if we attain our full capacity of our brain , it is possible that whatever inside of our body organs which is functioning without our control , it is self functioning organs . It is possible we can run properly , the answer is absolutely no ! .

                 Take for example : Let's say if we got full capacity of our brain power to use , it is possible for us in 24 times 7 to function of our whole system properly . We do not got any time for other activities in 24 hour . We busy to run our body system in 24 hours , isn't ?.

             

What is the artificial intelligence (A.I )

What is Artificial Intelligence (A.I )

Ans. 

                                                        

First of all we are talking about , what is artificial intelligence  ( A.I ) ?

        So , artificial intelligence is a simulation of human intelligence in a machine that are programmed like to think according like a human being and mimic their action accordingly . Or we can say that , it is upcoming new science technology which give new rising of human being for their making daily life routine quite easier and comfortable .

              Artificial intelligence technology is programmed like as , it can able to take self decision to solving a problem . 

               If you want to know that in a very simple manner than you think or we can say that you imagine as like , whatever intelligence activities of human being the same activities are perform by this Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) or you can say act by this Artificial Intelligence  ( A.I ) .

              Artificial Intelligence  ( A.I ) is giving a boost to the boundaries of the machine to enabled it's functionalities . This gives dynamical innovation to this technology facilitates machine to perform with a degree of autonomy .

               The following given is a primary advantages of the Artificial Intelligence (A.I)

1) Because of Artificial Intelligence Reduction in Human error : 

           The term " Human error " was arise because human being make mistakes so much in time to time . But if you talk about computer or a machine however , do not make these mistakes if they are programmed properly .  

            As we talk about Artificial Intelligence  ( A.I ) . the artificial intelligence , the decision are taken from the previously stored information applying a certain set of algorithms . So that , error are reduced and chance of getting accuracy with a greater degree of precision in a possibility .

        

2) Artificial Intelligence takes the risks instead of Humans :

              This is the biggest advantages of this Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) . We are able to overcome to many risky limitation of Human by developing an Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) . 

            So let's understand this concept with one example, we take help of robots in the protection security of country boundaries . So if any damages or fault happen during shooting , bombarding in the war , it is very easily to recoverable, But if we talk about Human Being in place of robot than it is quite harder to controlled the life of the army .

            So here , for security purpose Robot take risks more than the limitation of Human Being .

3) The Artificial Intelligence are available 24 times 7 :

            As you know that Machine are very efficiently work for a longer period of time without getting tired . But in case of our's Human Being it is not possible to work that much of time .

             So here , Artificial Intelligence provides services 24 into 7 hours , without getting tired and leave . So this is the major role play by this Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) .

  

 Explain working principle of negative clamper circuit

Ans. 

                                          

   First of all we see , what is clamper circuit? , so the clamper circuit , which changes or we can say that shift direct current ( D.C )  signal to according to our desire level , without any changing the shape of the signal.

 So , here in this negative clamper circuit we go to learn it's working principle or we can say that in other words that , we go to learn it's operation of this negative clamper circuit. 

  So , here the negative clamper circuit consist of a diode , a resistor and a capacitor. The negative clamper circuit shifted the output ( O/P ) waveform signal to the negative portion when we give sinusoidal input ( I/P ) waveform signal .

    During Positive Half Cycle

                                  

So , during in a positive half cycle , the input ( I/P ) of this circuit is equal to ( Vm )  volt . And therefore the diode goes in forward biased condition . And if we consider , this diode is a ideal diode , than it is represented by the short circuit .

                                                               

                    And due to that , constructively this resistor will also get short circuited . So therefore , in during positive half cycle the capacitor will get charged through this path and this capacitor will get charged upto peak value of the voltage ( Vm ) . So therefore , during positive half cycle the output ( O/P ) voltage Vout will be equal to zero ( 0 ) .

   During Negative Half Cycle

                                             

So , during in a negative half cycle , the polarity of the input ( I/P ) voltage signal will get reversed . And now here , if you notice the voltage , which is appearing or we can say that come into existence across the diode is equal to ( - 2Vm ) . It's means that summation of these two  ( Vm ) voltages and therefore that this diode get in reversed biased condition , so that we can replace it with the open circuit.

                                                

             So , in during negative half cycle , the output ( O/P ) voltage ,

                       Vout = - Vm - Vm

                       Vout = - 2Vm

So , if you come see the overall output ( O/P ) waveform signal , than it will look like this , 

That's mean that ,the entire input ( I/P ) waveform signal , get shifted to a voltage of    - Vm . Now even though , the clamper circuit changes the direct current ( D.C ) level of the input ( I/P ) waveform signal , but here in  peak to peak voltage of the output ( O/P ) waveform signal is remain same as the given input waveform signal .

              So , here if you come to see , the input ( I/P ) waveform signal is varying from  ( Vm ) to ( - Vm ) . It's means that the peak to peak voltage of the waveform signal is equal to ( 2Vm ) . While in the output ( O/P ) the waveform signal is varying from ( 0 ) to (-2Vm) . It's means that , here also the peak to peak voltage is equal to ( 2Vm ) .

              So , in this way by using this negative clamper circuit , the Direct Current ( D.C ) level of the input ( I/P ) waveform signal can be shifted towards the negative side .

 State the need of filters

Ans. 

                                                      

If we look for need of filters , than first of all we need to understand where do  filter is used ? 

       Filters is used in the rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that in other words that it is used in a rectifier bridge device .

            So , first of all let's see what is rectifier , rectifier is an electronic device or we can say that , rectifier is an electronics circuit which is used for converting  (A.C) voltage or (A.C) current into a unidirectional flow of pulsating (D.C) voltage or (D.C) current .

            As we know that rectifier bridge circuit gives output (O/P) pulsating direct current (D.C) but it is no more able to gives pure direct current . So because of this , we no more longer use in a some devices or we can say that some circuit because it may damage the circuit .

            So overcome to this problem , we used filters to get pure direct current output (O/P).

1) As we know that , rectifier bridge circuit are used to convert alternate current  (A.C) to direct current (D.C) but it not gives pure direct current so here filters play a very significant role to gives output pure direct current output .

2) Most advanced electronics system need pure direct current (D.C) supply to drive the electronics system .

3) To build a good power supply , which gives output pure direct current  (D.C) , we need to removed out alternate current (A.C) from the output rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that in other words that , we need to filtered out the alternate current (A.C) from the output (O/P) of the rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that rectifier bridge device .

4) Filters are the electronics device or we can say that , filters are the electronics circuit, which is used along with rectifier in order to get a pure ripple free direct current (D.C) .

5) Filters can connected with any type of rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that rectifier bridge device given as , Half wave rectifier bridge circuit (HWR) and Full wave rectifier bridge circuit (FWR) 

6) The filters circuit uses Resistor (R) , Capacitor (C) and Inductor (L) , That's why it is called as passive filters .

Explain working of half wave rectifier with the help of diagram & waveform

 Explain / Describe working of half wave bridge rectifier with the help of diagram & waveform

Ans. 

                                           

            

POSITIVE HALF CYCLE

If supply of positive half cycle to the circuit than the diode in the circuit start conducting in a forward biased condition . We know that diode start operating in a forward biased or we can say that start working in a forward biased . But not conducting or we can say that not start working in a reversed biased mode .

              So , here in this circuit when supply of positive half cycle is apply to the circuit then diode conducted in a forward biased and that's why it allow current to flow through the conductor along through Load Resistor ( RL ) .

            So , if we see the input (I/P) and output (O/P) wave signal than its look like is as , if we give positive half wave signal to this circuit than we will get output of this signal .

  

        Negative Half Cycle 

If supply of negative half cycle to the circuit than the diode in the circuit not start conducted or we can say that diode start conducted in a reversed biased mode condition . As we know that diode start operating in a forward biased mode condition or we can say that start working in a forward biased mode condition . But if we apply negative half wave cycle to this circuits than it's start operating in a reversed biased mode condition .

              So , here in this circuit when negative half wave cycle is apply to the circuit then diode not conducted in a forward biased mode condition and that's why it doesn't allow current to flow through the conductor along through Load Resistor (RL) .

           So , if we see the input (I/P) and output (O/P) wave signal than it's look like as , if we give negative half wave signal to this circuit than we will not get output of this signal .

                

            

        

State the need of biasing of transistor

 State the need of biasing of transistor 

Ans. 

                                                       

To understanding the need of biasing of transistor , first of all we need to understand the term what is biasing ? 

          Biasing means to supply a power supply to the circuit or we can say that apply D.C or A.C signal to the given circuit for start operating .

              So , in electronics and in electricals all devices or we can say that all circuits are work or we can say that start operating only by supplying power supply .

              So like that, here transistor work in a biasing mode . A biasing is required to operate the transistor or we can say that to start working of the transistor . Without biasing , it is not more able to obtain an output ( O/P ) .

              A biasing is required to activate the transistor and prevents it to either saturation mode or cut-off mode . A biasing is a phenomenon or a concept of getting a proper D.C collector current at a certain D.C voltage by setting up a proper point .

Narrow Band Pass Filter

 Narrow Band Pass Filter

Ans. 

                                                  

                                                  

Here , in this topic we are going to learn Narrow Band Pass Filter ( NBPF ) . So , the Narrow Band Pass Filter is also known by the other name called as or we can say that known as multiple feedback filter .

             So , question arises here , why we called or known by the name " multiple feedback filter " .

              Because this Narrow Band Pass Filter has two feedback path , Hence it is called by the name is multiple feedback path .

               In this Narrow Band Pass Filter , there is only one active component is taken in use is operational amplifier ( Op-amp ) in place of two active ( Op-amp ) .

                   This Narrow Band Pass Filter is work only in inverting configuration or we can say that in another words that inverting mode .

                 The Narrow Band Pass Filter or we can say that multiple feedback filter is design for particular or specifically for value of center frequency  ( fc ) , Q which is called as quality factor and Bandwidth .

                   So , we know that in Band Pass Filter there is two cut-off frequency , which is 

1) High cut-off frequency , which is denoted by ( fH ) .

2) Low cut-off frequency , which is denoted by ( fL ) .

          And here we also know that , High cut-off frequency is always greater than low cut-off frequency that is , fH > fL .

           The Q-factor , which is known as 

quality factor is greater than 10 that is ,Q >10

          Now here , if we see the relation between Q-factor , 3db bandwidth and the centre frequency ( fc ) is given by , 

                        Q = fc / BW

                         But   Band-width = fH - fL

             i.e.      Q = fc / fH - fL

       The center frequency is as , fc = √ fH . fL

Where as , 

Q = quality factor

fL = Low cut-off frequency 

fH = High cut-off frequency

BW= Band-width

fc = center frequency

So , Here in this Narrow Band Pass Filter there is two capacitor is there .

One capacitor C1 at the inverting input of the terminal and second capacitor C2 at the inverting terminal for feedback .

       So in this circuit , for specific calculation C1 = C2 = C it means that the capacitor C1 and C2 is both equal to C .

         So , in this circuit what is the value of Resistor (R1) , (R2) and (R3)

              R1 = Q / 2 .pi.fc.C.AF

              R2 = Q / 2 .pi.fc.C (2Q square - AF)

              R3 = Q / 2 .pi.fc.C

   This is required for calculation purpose .

               Gain is denoted by AF

Here , AF is the gain at the center frequency ( fc ) . The center frequency gain shows the 

                AF = R3 / 2R1

   The gain must be satisfied the following condition i.e. therefore ,

                      AF < 2Q square   , it means that gain must be less than 2 times quality factor square .

 

    If we see , the frequency response of the Narrow Band Pass Filter , so the frequency response draw in between frequency and gain .

                                        

                                                

So , here in this frequency response graph show that , ( fL ) show low cut-off frequency and ( fH ) show high cut-off frequency .  So in both low cut-off frequency and high cut-off frequency there is narrow band pass filter's bandwidth is exist .

             Here , in this center frequency ( fc ) , we can change with new frequency ( f'c ) without changing the gain or bandwidth by changing the R2 to R'2 so like that .

                  If we change the value of Resistor R2 with any value R'2 so it is given as ,

               R'2 = R2 ( fc / f'c ) whole square

In this way we can change the center frequency with new center frequency .

                   

Explain reason needs for modulation

 Explain reason needs for modulation 

Ans. 

Modulation is a message carrying signal , which is transmitted over a long distance and for it to establish a reliable communication , it needs to take the help of a high frequency signal which should not affect the original characteristics of the message signal .

1) The needs of modulation is to prevent against disturbance of noise .

2) When we transmitted our message signal , than after transmitting our message signal , it can attacked by unwanted signal in the channel , so here modulation help to protect.

3) Message signal can be modified or we can say that in other words that , it changes into unwanted signal by noise , So modulation help to not happen this type of issue .

4) So , for not cause problem because of noise i.e. therefore modulation process must be done before transmitting our message signal .

5) Here , if we not done modulation process , than our message signal gets weak and corrupted due to unwanted signal i.e. therefore signal receiving antenna required larger in size .

           Because of Modulation process our message signal's wavelength get shorter and frequency gets high and because of that signal receiving antennae size will be reduced .

            So modulation is prove very helpful in all branch of communication purposes .

Explain the application of elasticity

 Explain the application of  elasticity 

Ans:-

1) The application of elasticity, while designing concrete or steel structure.

2) The application of elasticity, to bear or we can say that in other words that, to sustain more load than actual load .

3) The application of elasticity, to determine strength of the material .

4) Elasticity play a vital role in the field of engineering, to determine the tensile strength of different - different materials.

5) The application of elasticity, the elastic property has to be taken into account in the construction of build buildings and fly over bridges etc .

Explain the different types of electric current effect

 Explain the different types of electric current effect

Ans. The different types of electric current effect i.e. there are three different types of Electric Current effect such as , given as 

1) Heating Effect

2) Magnetic Effect

3) Chemical Effect

So , let's see , and know about in complete and detail information of these three effects of electric current .

1) Heating Effect :

  In this type of effect , electric current play a very vital role . Heating effect of electricity is one of the widely most used effective in the world .

          When current is passed or we can say that in other words that , when current is flow through a conductor, it is generated heat , because of opposition of Electric Current by a given resistance .

         The heating effect of an electric current , depends upon these three factors such as , 

        i) Resistance (R)

       ii) Time (t)

      iii) The Amount Current (I)

                                                             

                a) Resistance ( R ) : Resistance of the  conductor , the lower the resistance , the lower heat generated by the electric current and the higher the resistance, the higher heat generated by the electric current .

                b) Time ( t ) : In time for which , current flow the larger , the amount of heat produce or we can say that in other words that , in a given time how many current (A) flow through the conductor in presence of given resistance . That much heat generated by the electric current .

               c) The Amount Of Current ( I ) : The Amount of current higher the larger the heat generated by the electric current and the amount of current lower the smaller the heat generated by the electric current .

         Thus , heating effect H = I(square).R.t      this given equation is called as or we can say that , known as joule heating equation .

Application of heating effect of electric current is given as ,

          i) Electric iron

         ii) Electric kettles

        iii) Electric cooker

        iv) In lighting appliances like as filaments lamp , fluorescent etc.

2) Magnetic Effect : 

When an electric current passes or we can say that in other words that when an electric current flow through the given conductor then electric current  produces magnetic field ,which is called as electromagnetic field .

               So all of you may ask , how to conclude this , it's really produces magnetic field or not . So for detecting this or we can say that , to proving this , we can take help of compass . To detecting flow or passes of electric current through the given conductor . To measure of how much electric current passes through the given conductor , we uses galvanometer . Galvanometer is very useful to determine to check or measure mili ampere electric current through the given conductor .

                The imaginary lines around a magnet are called as or we can say that known as field lines of magnet .

                When we drop iron fillings to settle around a bar magnet , they are arranged in a such way that, in a mimics the magnetic field of lines or we can say that in other words that , when we allowed iron fillings to settle around a bar magnet , they are arranged in a pattern which follows the magnetic field of lines .

                Magnetic field is a vector quantity that is , it has both direction and magnitude . If a conductor carrying a current is held by  the right hand rule . Keeping the thumb straight , it mean consider that , if the direction of electric current is in the direction of thumb , then the direction of wrapping of other four fingers , then it shows the direction of magnetic field .               

Applications of Magnetic effect of Electric Current given as ,

         i) Electric door bell

        ii) Electric fan 

       iii) Electric motor

       iv) Electric generators

        V) Electric transformer

       vi) Because of electromagnetic, lifting of  heavy loads of iron and also iron scrap etc.

3) Chemical Effect :

 Here in para , we learn complete about , what is chemical effect of electric current ? So, when electric current is passed or we can say that flow through a conducting solution , some chemical reaction take place ,  liquid that conducts electricity are solutions of acids , base and salts .

              You may be heard , the term electroplating ? the process of deposition a layer of any desired metal on another material by means of electricity is called as or we can say known as electroplating .

              When electric current is passed or we can say that , flow through the water , water get dissociates or we can say that in other words that separation of different molecules . Here in water, hydrogen and oxygen , so than , hydrogen molecule is deposited over negative pole and oxygen molecule is deposited on positive pole .

               So , the deposition of the hydrogen and the oxygen at a different pole is visible or in other words , see in the form of bubbles .

               Sometimes , the colour of the solution changes , when an electric current passes through it or we can say that in other words that, when an electric current flow through it .

                 The chemical reaction depends upon the types of different solution , through which the electric current is passed .

    Application Of Chemical Effect Of Electric Current is given as ,

                i) Electroplating

               ii) Electrolysis

          There are many several application of chemical effect of electric current . Instead of the above application , there are several many more application of these , chemical effect of electric current .

Explain working of positive series clipper with the help of diagram and waveform

 Explain working of positive series clipper with the help of diagram and waveform 

Ans. 

                                       

Positive half cycle 

When positive half cycle , apply at the input ( I/P ) terminal of the circuit , the diode in this circuit act as or we can say that , it behave like a open switch .

         And i.e. therefore , it does not allow or we can say that in other words , it not permit to flow of electric current through the load resistance ( RL ) .

         So , because of that , waveform of this operation region , When we give input signal sinusoidal wave , it clips or we can say that in other words that , it cut and remove the positive half signal waveform .

Negative half cycle

When negative half cycle , apply at the input ( I/P ) terminal of the circuit , the diode in this circuit act as or we can say that in other words that , it behave like as a close switch .

        And i.e. therefore , it allow or we can say that in other words that , it give permit to flow of electric current through the load resistance ( RL ) .

           So , because of that , waveform of this operation region , when we give input signal sinusoidal wave , it not clips or we can say that in other words that , it not cut and remove the negative  half signal waveform .

Explain construction of N-P-N transistor with the help of diagram

 Explain construction of N-P-N transistor with the help of diagram

Ans. 

                                                          

In this N-P-N transistor , it has basically three (3) regions i.e. emitter , base and collector .

         The junction which present in between Emitter and Base is called as or known as Emitter-Base junction .

            So that , similarly like as , the junction which present in between Base and Collector is called as or we can say that known as Base-Collector junction .

             In this N-P-N transistors , due to presence of two (2) junction in between three (3) region like as  Emitter , Base and Collector , it act like or we can say that in other words it behave like as two (2) PN junction diode .

             It is very interesting to know that , the doping level of all these three (3) regions are different .

              So in this , Emitter region are highly doped , the Base region is lightly doped and the  last region is collector region , which is come or fall in between Emitter and Base region or we can say that in other words that , the doping level of collector region is moderate .

             It is noteworthy or we can say that , it is notice-able that we cannot interchange or in other words , we cannot exchange the Emitter and Collector region .

              The reason for this , is that the thickness of the Collector region is some what greater than , the Emitter region . So , that it can dissipate more power or we can say that it can dissolve more power .

State the application of photo-diode

 State the application of photo-diode

Ans. 

1) The photo-diode is used in optical communication system .

2) The photo-diode is used in a automobile devices and also you called as automobile circuits .

3) The photo-diode is used in medical devices .

4) The photo-diode used in a solar cell panel , which is very very helpful to us .

5) The photo-diode is used in a logic circuit or called as logic device .

6) The photo-diode uses in a photo-detection circuit or we say that in other words that , photo-detection devices .

7) The photo-diode is used in a camera's light meter .

8) The photo-diode is used in a street light .

9) The photo-diode is used in , for exact measurement of the intensity of light in science and industry fields .

10) The photo-diode is used in a consumer electronics devices or we can called as electronics circuits like as smoke detectors , compact disc players , television and remote control in VCRs .

11) The photo-diode is used in a detection circuit or we can called as detection devices .

12) The photo-diode is used in a character recognised circuits or we can say that in other words that , character recognised devices .

13) The photo-diode is used in a demodulation process or we can say that in another words that , it is used as detectors .

14) The photo-diode is useful in , for detection of visible and invisible light rays .

15) The photo-diode is used in a Photography or we can say that in other words , is used in shooting photographs .

16) The Photo-diode is used in a spectroscopy .

17) The photo-diode is used in a Laser Range Finder ( LRF ) .

18) The photo-diode is used in a Analytical instrumentation .

19) The photo-diode is used in a Medical Imaging Instrument ( MII ) .

20) The photo-diode is used in a Beam Alignment .

21) The photo-diode is used in a obstacle detector .

22) The photo-diode is used in a Bar Code Scanner .

INVERTING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

 INVERTING OPERATION AMPLIFIER

                                                  

To understanding Inverting operational amplifier , then you have to first understand the concept of Virtual Ground .

Now in this blog article we will go to learn about virtual ground in simple and precisely. This virtual ground concept is only , applicable when we are providing the negative feedback to this operational amplifier (Op-amp) , or we can say in other words this virtual ground concept is only valid when we providing negative feedback to this operational amplifier .

              Now , here for a given (op-amp) the open loop gain of this (op-amp) is 10 raise to the power 6 . And we know the output (o/p) voltage (Vout) of (op-amp) is given as A multiply with differential input voltage .

                                              

             This is the input voltage between these inverting and the non-inverting input terminals . Now , here let's we consider that through this negative feedback , we are controlling the output (o/p) voltage of this (op-amp) in a such a way that , the output voltage is always less than the saturation voltage. Or in other words we can say that we are operating this (op-amp) in a linear region . 

           So , let consider that the output (o/p) voltage is ten volt (10 v) . So, we can say that 10 v is equals to the 10 raise to the power 6 multiply with this differential input voltage . Or we can say that in other words that the differential input voltage is equal to 10 micro volts . 

           Now , here this differential input voltage is nothing , but the differential between this inverting and the non-inverting input terminals . So , we can write this differential input voltage as a (V plus minus V minus) ( V+ -V- ) this is equals to 10 micro volt . 

          Now , here this 10 micro volt is very very small signal and we can almost neglect it . So , we can write this (V plus minus V minus) (V+ - V-) as approximately equal to zero volts or we can say that in other words that Vplus , that is equal to Vminus .

           It means that the inverting and the Non-inverting input (I/P) terminals are at the same potential or we can say that in other words that there is virtually short between this inverting and non-inverting input (I/P) terminals .

             Now here , the term we use virtual it means that , these two terminals are not actually short circuited , but they are virtually short circuited . So, whatever voltage that appear at one terminal , the exact and same voltage will appear at another terminal . 

            So , now in this configuration , this Non-inverting input terminal is grounded . So, we can say that Vplus that is equals to zero (0) . So, accordingly to this result , Vminus should be equals to zero (0) . It means that this terminal is not actually grounded , but it will act like as a virtual ground . 

            So , this negative feedback will ensure that the difference between this inverting and the Non-inverting input (I/P) is very very small or we can say that in another words that it is almost negligible .

           And because of that , we can consider these both input (I/P) terminal at the same potential . So , this concept is known as the virtual ground concept .

          So , now let use this concept , if virtual ground and let's derive the expression between this Vout and Vin .

           And let's say that node is , node X . And let's say that the current , that is flowing through this resistor Rf is If . We had seen that the (Op-amp) has very high input (I/P) impedance or if we assume the ideal (Op-amp) is infinite . It means that no current is entering into this (Op-amp) or we can say that in other words that current ( I ) that is equal to zero (0) .

                                                  

So , as you can see here , just by changing the value of this ( Rf ) and ( R1 ) we can control the gain of this (Op-amp) . And we can use this (Op-amp) as a amplifier .

         Now , here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 degree out of phase with respect to input voltage .

          So , let's say that , if we have applied the sinusoidal signal at the input , then at the output we will get the amplified sinusoidal signal , which is having a 180 degree phase with respect to the input signal .

           And that is why this configuration of the (Op-amp) is known as the inverting configuration . Because the output (O/P) will be get inverted with respect to input (I/P) voltage .

Wide band pass filter

 Wide band pass filter

Ans. The wide band pass filter is formed by cascading high-pass section and low-pass section . 

Look here , the wide band pass filter is made by two order , First is high-pass filter and second is low-pass filter . So when we combine or we can say that cascading first order high-pass section and first order low-pass section is called as or we can say that known as wide band pass filter ( WBPF ) .

                                                             

  Here , question is arises , that how we can conclude first order high-pass section ? 

For concluding first order high-pass section is that , at non-inverting terminal in input ( I/P ) section of non-inverting terminal capacitor is placed . And with capacitor , resistor is connected in parallel that , combination is proved that this is first order high-pass section .

   And also question arises is that , how we can conclude first order low pass section ? 

For concluding first order low-pass section is that , at non-inverting terminal in input ( I/P ) section of non-inverting terminal Resistor is placed , and with resistor , capacitor is connected in parallel that combination is proved that , this is first order low-pass section .

In this , the product is plus and minus + or - 20 db ( decibel ) per decade . In which condition ? , when the first order low pass and high pass section cascade with each other .

  As like as , if we talk about second order high-pass section and second order low-pass section , the product is plus or minus + or - 40 db ( decibel ) per decade . In which condition ? , When the second order low-pass section and high pass section  cascade or we can say that combine with each other .

If we see the frequency response of wide band pass filter . Here , wide band pass filter has two cut off frequency . First is ( fH ) and second is ( fL ) . 

Whereas , ( fH ) stands for or we can say that it shows the high cut off frequency and ( fL ) stands for or we can say that it show low cut off frequency . 

In both of these cut off frequency ( fH ) is always greater than ( fL ) . In other words we can say that high cut off frequency is always greater than low cut off frequency. 

In wide band pass filter , if we talk about Q-factor or we can say that quality factor . It is denoted by capital Q .

Because of Q-factor we can show that wide band pass filter and narrow band pass filter. When Q-factor is less than 10 i.e.  Q < 10 than it shows wide band pass filter , and Q-factor is greater than 10 i.e.  Q > 10 , than it shows narrow band pass filter .

                                                             

                                                        

In wide band pass filter , if we see the relation between the Q , 3dB bandwidth and the center frequency fc is given by  

                                Q = fc / Bw

                          i.e. Q = fc / fH-fL

In wide band pass filter our, frequency response is given by in the above graph . Here in this graph fL is low cut off frequency and fH is represents high cut off frequency , and 0.707 is the gain magnitude .

In between high cut off frequency and low cut off frequency there is pass band is exist . Where as AFT is a total pass band gain .

At fL point low cut off frequency, there is plus +20 dB per decade is present . And if we move towards fL to fH , it means that if we move low cut off frequency to high cut off frequency +20 dB is constant for some given of time and after it goes minus -20 dB per decade -20 dB/decade at point high cut off frequency ( fH ) .

From fL to fH there is pass band is there and from outside of these fL and fH there is stop band is present .

And one thing always remember that fH is always greater than fL or we can say that high cut off frequency is always greater than low cut off frequency .

And after all of these , there is another point is center frequency . Center frequency is arises in between both fH and fL and it is denoted by ( fc ) .

                i.e.     fc = √ fH .fL

And , if we talk about gain of high pass low pass filter than it is given as ,