Explain working principle of negative clamper circuit

Ans. 

                                          

   First of all we see , what is clamper circuit? , so the clamper circuit , which changes or we can say that shift direct current ( D.C )  signal to according to our desire level , without any changing the shape of the signal.

 So , here in this negative clamper circuit we go to learn it's working principle or we can say that in other words that , we go to learn it's operation of this negative clamper circuit. 

  So , here the negative clamper circuit consist of a diode , a resistor and a capacitor. The negative clamper circuit shifted the output ( O/P ) waveform signal to the negative portion when we give sinusoidal input ( I/P ) waveform signal .

    During Positive Half Cycle

                                  

So , during in a positive half cycle , the input ( I/P ) of this circuit is equal to ( Vm )  volt . And therefore the diode goes in forward biased condition . And if we consider , this diode is a ideal diode , than it is represented by the short circuit .

                                                               

                    And due to that , constructively this resistor will also get short circuited . So therefore , in during positive half cycle the capacitor will get charged through this path and this capacitor will get charged upto peak value of the voltage ( Vm ) . So therefore , during positive half cycle the output ( O/P ) voltage Vout will be equal to zero ( 0 ) .

   During Negative Half Cycle

                                             

So , during in a negative half cycle , the polarity of the input ( I/P ) voltage signal will get reversed . And now here , if you notice the voltage , which is appearing or we can say that come into existence across the diode is equal to ( - 2Vm ) . It's means that summation of these two  ( Vm ) voltages and therefore that this diode get in reversed biased condition , so that we can replace it with the open circuit.

                                                

             So , in during negative half cycle , the output ( O/P ) voltage ,

                       Vout = - Vm - Vm

                       Vout = - 2Vm

So , if you come see the overall output ( O/P ) waveform signal , than it will look like this , 

That's mean that ,the entire input ( I/P ) waveform signal , get shifted to a voltage of    - Vm . Now even though , the clamper circuit changes the direct current ( D.C ) level of the input ( I/P ) waveform signal , but here in  peak to peak voltage of the output ( O/P ) waveform signal is remain same as the given input waveform signal .

              So , here if you come to see , the input ( I/P ) waveform signal is varying from  ( Vm ) to ( - Vm ) . It's means that the peak to peak voltage of the waveform signal is equal to ( 2Vm ) . While in the output ( O/P ) the waveform signal is varying from ( 0 ) to (-2Vm) . It's means that , here also the peak to peak voltage is equal to ( 2Vm ) .

              So , in this way by using this negative clamper circuit , the Direct Current ( D.C ) level of the input ( I/P ) waveform signal can be shifted towards the negative side .

Explain working of half wave rectifier with the help of diagram & waveform

 Explain / Describe working of half wave bridge rectifier with the help of diagram & waveform

Ans. 

                                           

            

POSITIVE HALF CYCLE

If supply of positive half cycle to the circuit than the diode in the circuit start conducting in a forward biased condition . We know that diode start operating in a forward biased or we can say that start working in a forward biased . But not conducting or we can say that not start working in a reversed biased mode .

              So , here in this circuit when supply of positive half cycle is apply to the circuit then diode conducted in a forward biased and that's why it allow current to flow through the conductor along through Load Resistor ( RL ) .

            So , if we see the input (I/P) and output (O/P) wave signal than its look like is as , if we give positive half wave signal to this circuit than we will get output of this signal .

  

        Negative Half Cycle 

If supply of negative half cycle to the circuit than the diode in the circuit not start conducted or we can say that diode start conducted in a reversed biased mode condition . As we know that diode start operating in a forward biased mode condition or we can say that start working in a forward biased mode condition . But if we apply negative half wave cycle to this circuits than it's start operating in a reversed biased mode condition .

              So , here in this circuit when negative half wave cycle is apply to the circuit then diode not conducted in a forward biased mode condition and that's why it doesn't allow current to flow through the conductor along through Load Resistor (RL) .

           So , if we see the input (I/P) and output (O/P) wave signal than it's look like as , if we give negative half wave signal to this circuit than we will not get output of this signal .

                

            

        

Explain working of positive series clipper with the help of diagram and waveform

 Explain working of positive series clipper with the help of diagram and waveform 

Ans. 

                                       

Positive half cycle 

When positive half cycle , apply at the input ( I/P ) terminal of the circuit , the diode in this circuit act as or we can say that , it behave like a open switch .

         And i.e. therefore , it does not allow or we can say that in other words , it not permit to flow of electric current through the load resistance ( RL ) .

         So , because of that , waveform of this operation region , When we give input signal sinusoidal wave , it clips or we can say that in other words that , it cut and remove the positive half signal waveform .

Negative half cycle

When negative half cycle , apply at the input ( I/P ) terminal of the circuit , the diode in this circuit act as or we can say that in other words that , it behave like as a close switch .

        And i.e. therefore , it allow or we can say that in other words that , it give permit to flow of electric current through the load resistance ( RL ) .

           So , because of that , waveform of this operation region , when we give input signal sinusoidal wave , it not clips or we can say that in other words that , it not cut and remove the negative  half signal waveform .

State the application of photo-diode

 State the application of photo-diode

Ans. 

1) The photo-diode is used in optical communication system .

2) The photo-diode is used in a automobile devices and also you called as automobile circuits .

3) The photo-diode is used in medical devices .

4) The photo-diode used in a solar cell panel , which is very very helpful to us .

5) The photo-diode is used in a logic circuit or called as logic device .

6) The photo-diode uses in a photo-detection circuit or we say that in other words that , photo-detection devices .

7) The photo-diode is used in a camera's light meter .

8) The photo-diode is used in a street light .

9) The photo-diode is used in , for exact measurement of the intensity of light in science and industry fields .

10) The photo-diode is used in a consumer electronics devices or we can called as electronics circuits like as smoke detectors , compact disc players , television and remote control in VCRs .

11) The photo-diode is used in a detection circuit or we can called as detection devices .

12) The photo-diode is used in a character recognised circuits or we can say that in other words that , character recognised devices .

13) The photo-diode is used in a demodulation process or we can say that in another words that , it is used as detectors .

14) The photo-diode is useful in , for detection of visible and invisible light rays .

15) The photo-diode is used in a Photography or we can say that in other words , is used in shooting photographs .

16) The Photo-diode is used in a spectroscopy .

17) The photo-diode is used in a Laser Range Finder ( LRF ) .

18) The photo-diode is used in a Analytical instrumentation .

19) The photo-diode is used in a Medical Imaging Instrument ( MII ) .

20) The photo-diode is used in a Beam Alignment .

21) The photo-diode is used in a obstacle detector .

22) The photo-diode is used in a Bar Code Scanner .

 Draw circuit of full wave bridge rectifier and explain its operation with waveform

Ans. 

                                         FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

DIRECTION OF CURRENT FLOW IN A DIODE

                                       

WAVEFORM OF FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

So here in this circuit , the full wave bridge rectifier is shown in the above diagram . So first of all , let's see the construction of this full wave bridge rectifier circuit . In this full wave bridge rectifier circuit , there are mainly four diode is required to built it . 

The four diode is given as diode D1 , diode D2 , diode D3 and diode D4 . In this full wave bridge rectifier circuit there is one load resistor is connected . 

The four diode D1 , D2 , D3 and D4 are connected in a closed loop configuration , which it is very efficiently converted an alternate current ( A.C ) into a direct current ( D.C ) . 

So whatever converted alternate current   ( A.C ) into direct current ( D.C ) , So than whatever coming direct current ( D.C ) passes from through along load resistor ( RL ) .

Operation in positive half cycle 

So here in this positive half wave cycle , the upper side of alternate current ( A.C ) sine wave is positive potential and lower side is negative potential , it is the polarity sign of this secondary transformer .

As we know that , the conventional current is always flow from a high potential level to a low potential level , the direction of flowing of current is always opposite in direction of flow of electrons in the conductor .

So when positive half wave cycle is given to this circuit . The current start to flow from point ( A ) . Now from point ( A ) current pass through diode D1 , so why current passes through diode ( D1 ) ? , Because of diode D1 is in forward biased mode , therefore it allow the current to pass .

Now here after current coming from diode ( D1 ) , then you think where it is go now ? So as you see the above given diagram . 

As diode ( D1 ) is in forward biased mode that's why current reach at point (B) . 

So when current reaches at point (B) , Now where it go now from at point (B) ? , Now here this diode ( D2 ) is in the reversed biased mode or we can say that in other words that , the diode ( D2 ) is off in condition . So it means that , the diode ( D2 ) is not permit to flow of current . So than current flow from along load resistor ( RL ) .

So after current flowing from load resistor ( RL ) , it reaches at point (D) . So when current at point (D) , it has two option whether it go to ( D3 ) or whether it go to ( D4 ) ? . The current chooses to flow from diode ( D3 ) , because diode ( D4 ) is in reversed biased mode . 

Here you may got surprised that , the current direction and diode ( D4 ) direction are same , it's mean that , it is in forward biased mode , or in other words that , it is ON in condition , that's why diode ( D4 ) has to be make permit to flow of current ? . 

But you have forgetting one thing is that the current is always flow from a high potential to a low potential . 

So when current starts flowing from point (A) then some voltage drop happen at diode ( D1 ) and the some voltage drop happen at the side of load resistor ( Rl ) . So when current reaches at point (D) , it will chooses to flow from diode (D3) .

Therefore current flow from diode ( D3) , or we can say that diode ( D3 ) is in active state or ON in condition . So after current flow from diode ( D3 ) , than it reaches at point (C) and than current go the transformer .

Operation in Negative half cycle

So here , this is a negative half wave cycle , so in this negative half wave cycle , the upper part be negative sign and the lower part be positive sign .

As we already known that the conventional current is always flow from the high potential to the low potential . So that the current starts flowing from point (C) . After current start flowing from point (C) than it passes through diode (D2) . 

So here , the current has two option or we can say that current has two choice to flow . So one option is from diode (D2) and the second option is from diode (D3) .

So you have question that , which option chosen by the current to flow ?...

Here in this , the diode (D2) is in [ON] state condition , it means this diode allow to current pass or we can say that to give permit to flow .

And this diode (D3) is in [OFF] state condition . It means that it does not allow to current to pass or we can say that it does not give permit to flow of current .

Here this diode (D2) allow the current to pass , because this diode is in forward biased in condition . So in this condition the diode is in [ON] state . So therefore current passes through the diode (D2) .

And after current passes through the diode (D2) it reaches at point (B) . And after point (B) it goes to the resistor (R) . After current flow from the resistor (R) than it goes to the point (D) .

At point (D) the current has two option or we can say that current has two choices to flow .

Here in this diode  (D3) , the diode (D3) is in reversed biased mode . It means that the diode is in [OFF] state in condition .

Now here the diode (D4)  , the diode (D4) is in forward biased mode . It means that the diode is in [ON] state in condition .

So the current choose to flow from diode (D4) , so the question arises here that why current chooses to flow from diode (D4) .

To understanding this concept , we take an one example .

As we see that in the negative half wave cycle , so in this the upper side is negative voltage and the lower side is positive voltage . As we know that the conventional current is always flow from the high potential to the low potential . 

It means that the current start flow from point (C) , so at point (C) the potential is 20 volt and than current goes to point (B) so at point (B) the potential is 19.3 volt and after it goes to the resistor (R) now after crossing resistor it's potential get 0.7 volt and then it goes to point (D) and come back to the zero volt (0) point (A) , or we can say that comes to the transformer . 

So because of conventional current or we can say that simply current always flow from the high potential to the low potential . Therefore current chooses to flow from diode (D4) . And after point (D4) it come back to the point (A) or we can say that comes to the transformer . 

So these is the procedure of full wave bridge rectifier to obtain the direct current from alternate current .