The Active and Passive components of electrical and electronics

 The Active and Passive component / element in Electrical & Electronics 

Here , if you see this word Active and Passive do you know that , what is the mean in electrical and electronics .

So let's first of all we learn to know that the , what is Active component / element in electrical and electronics ?

Active component / element : so , the active component or we can say that active element is capable of providing the energy independently for an infinite period of time , is called as or known as Active component / element .

                                             

Or 

we can defined Active component / element in other words that : the Active component or Active element is capable to provide an average power to some external device or we can say they electronic circuit , over an infinite period of time .

So take an example of this Active component / element : Battery , vacuum tube , voltage Source , Current Source , Transistor , Op-amp etc.

Passive component / element : so here , the passive component or we can say that in other words that , the passive element is not capable to providing the energy independently for an infinite period of time , is called as or known as passive component / element .

                                                    

Or

 we can define this Passive component / element : so in other words the passive component / element is define as , it is not capable to providing the energy independently for an infinite period of time , is called as or known as Active component / element .

So here in this Passive component / element we see the  examples of this is , Resistor , Capacitor , Inductor , Transformer , Diode , etc .

Let's see one by one concept of this passive component / element .

1) Resistor : As we know that , the Resistor is used to limiting the flow of electric current in the conductor , so as you know that it is only purpose of controlling the electric current only and it is not come in use to delivering energy independently for an infinite period of time .

                                                    

So the Resistor is energy dependent component or we can say that in other words that , it is energy dependent element .

2) Capacitor : so here as you know that , capacitor only store energy and releases energy when come in use . 

So here in this capacitor also you see that it is a energy dependent component or we can say that , energy dependent element .

                                                      

                                                           

3) Inductor : We know that about inductor , which it is a passive component / element which is very capable to storing the electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy .

So here we see in this inductor also , if we cut supply of electrical energy it stop storing energy in the form of magnetic energy . So it is also a energy dependent component or we can say they , energy dependent element .

                                                     

4) Transformer : The transformer work to " step-up " or " step-down " voltages and current . But frequency remain as it is or we can say that frequency remains constant .

But transformer also fail , if we cut off the supply source of voltage and current . Than it means that , these also is energy dependent component or we can say that energy dependent element .

                                          

5) Diode : So as above given those component or element , this diode also work when supply sources of voltage and current is connected . So here , this diode is make flow of current in unidirectional of alternate current ( A.C ) .

So simply it's mean that , these diode is also energy dependent component or we can say that in other words that , energy dependent element .

                                                 
                                                      

The Stress Management | physics

Do you know this , what is stress management ? , Here the answer is stress management , simply means that to control or we can say that to manage of our mentality , emotion , thoughts etc. is known as or called as stress management .

So here let's start to know in detail all about stress management . We have all today seen that in hurly-burlies  life , we have not time to eat our meal . We have not a bit of second to think about our self . So we hope you may think that , how busy we are in today's life .

As we busy in today's life , we slowly slowly become careless of about our health . So because of our carelessness , we fall ill physically and mentally . So when this type of problem happen in the life of people , then they got tremendous pain in her life . So you can imagine , how painful situation created at that moment .

So many people choose option to move towards taking smoke , alcohol , drugs as like intoxicant substance for minimising our pain . Or we can say like that they want to  forgetting about our painful life and they wanted free stressful life . But you think here is it a wrong or right option ? .

So the option is absolutely wrong , so here you may ask , why it is wrong ? , So the answer is , for understanding this concepts you may have to think like , when you are in a stressful situation , what is going with you ! In that situation your mind keep constantly generated uncontrollable thoughts . Which it proves very lethal for your health and it leads to several health and mental problems.

So , the right option to care your self without taking any kind of intoxicant substances . Which is really realy very bad for your health and mental problem . So here the right option is laughing , you may be heard from somewhere " laughing is the best medicine " .

So have you seen the loudly laughing people ( citizen ) in the morning in public garden !! , it is really popularized by the name called       ' laughter club ' . So here in this ' laughter club ' people gather and talk to each other and share our feeling to each other .

As you know that " sharing is caring " it means that 'when you have problem and if you discuss with your friend partner the pain automatically goes down ' which is really it proves that " sharing is caring " .

So when you feel alone yourself , you simply talk to someone , then you really feel very peaceful in your mind and slowly slowly you come to in relax position . This concept is really work , and remember always whenever you feel some kind of unwell or we can say that in other words , when you realize yourself , I am not feeling well or when you stuck in such a big problem you have apply this concept to over come out to that type of situation . 

You have many ways of expression like establishing communication with your parents , friends , cousins , teachers , peers , native relatives and many more option you have to expressing your feeling to your near and dear ones , which it is really really help to minimizing of your stress .

Instead of sitting alone , you have many several option to do , when you are in a stressful situation . For example , like such as drawing , painting , listening Favourite music , watch comedy shows , spend time in nature , make a photography album , dancing , go for walking in a morning , walk on green grass in the early morning , etc. this are very helpful to minimizing of your stress. 

So you have must properly use your free time . By doing this types of activities with yourself . When you doing this type of activities , your mind get diverted and you stop think about negative thoughts . By involving your self in this types of activities , the negative thoughts automatically get vanished .

1 ) So overcome to that type of problem, you have to simply start meditation for 10 minutes . And slowly slowly practice to increasing time period for meditation . 

2) You may heard from some where, laughing is the best medicine . So in the early morning try to laugh loudly by open your hands in the sky .

3) Take a proper sleep dose to feel fresh and relax . A good sleep dose leads to peace in the mind .

4) Try to sleep early and try to wake up early in the morning , than you feel peace in mind. The reason wake up early in the morning is that , in the early morning time everywhere in our environment  silence zone is created . Which is very best moment for us to take the full advantage of that moment .

5) After wake up early in the morning you should drink lukewarm water . Which is very best for our stomach . It cleans our complete digestive system .

6) So by follow this tips you can managed your stressful situation . Whatever problem comes in you life , you fully ready to face that type of challenge , without any losing self confidence . You confidently face that type of situation with your self esteem .

       

 The - CPH4

Here , in this blog you get the complete detail about the CPH4 . The CPH4 stands for 6 - carboxytetrahydropterin synthase , this is the real name of the CPH4 or we can say that IUPAC name, means that ( International of pure and Applied Chemistry ) .

                 The CPH4 play a very vital role or we can say that play a very significant role in the function of small organisms cell . The enzymes in the cell are used to produce other types of vital molecules that are very essential for the cell to functioning properly. The CPH4 enzyme produces Queuosine . The Queuosine is a molecule that are very essentially helps to hold the tRNA of the bacterial cells together . It is just like glue to stick or we can say in other words that, it binds to each other .

                So here before getting into much detail concept , let me get you familiar with some terminologies . This is literally all about nootropics . Nootropics are those substances ( Matter ) , which enhance cognition , memory and thus it's facilitates in learning .The CPH4 are still a subject of research and aren't still classify into any types of category of drug . 

                The effects of these nootropics depends strongly upon the neurochemistry of each person . So it means that , different-different person have different-different neurochemistry accordingly . So here in these ' Lucy ' movie scarlet Johnson takes a drug called CPH4 to approach her brain function and because of this , she becomes the most intelligent and powerful human being in the whole planet .

                 Now CPH4 is a pure work for fiction as like as NZT drug . The NZT drug that Bradly Cooper takes in the movie 'Limitless'. Both these drugs are actually approach the brain to the point , where the subjects can use all of their gray matter on a regular basis and because of this , nothing can stop them . What most people do not aware about that both these CPH4 and NZT were inspired by a real life medication called as modafinil .

                So let's learn more about these modafinil . Unlike it is a fictional version , modafinil do not allow access to gray matter but it improves the cognitive function and memory . Modafinil stimulate the brain and subject enter a state of wakefulness , alert , aware and in this way , it is easier to focus on a different activities without experiencing much for .

              The best part of this is that , it has not got any side effects , so it is safer to take it without rising addiction stuffs . So we can say that , it is actually possible to dream of a time , where pills like CPH4 will be available for public , but for the time being condition , modafinil is a great recommended option analogical to CPH4 .

             The CPH4 produces in a pregnant women in a six weeks of pregnancy . These biological molecule produces during six weeks of pregnancy in a very small quantity. But the real fact that of this CPH4 , when we consume this we attain full capacity of our brain is totally wrong . You also think like , if we attain our full capacity of our brain , it is possible that whatever inside of our body organs which is functioning without our control , it is self functioning organs . It is possible we can run properly , the answer is absolutely no ! .

                 Take for example : Let's say if we got full capacity of our brain power to use , it is possible for us in 24 times 7 to function of our whole system properly . We do not got any time for other activities in 24 hour . We busy to run our body system in 24 hours , isn't ?.

             

What is the artificial intelligence (A.I )

What is Artificial Intelligence (A.I )

Ans. 

                                                        

First of all we are talking about , what is artificial intelligence  ( A.I ) ?

        So , artificial intelligence is a simulation of human intelligence in a machine that are programmed like to think according like a human being and mimic their action accordingly . Or we can say that , it is upcoming new science technology which give new rising of human being for their making daily life routine quite easier and comfortable .

              Artificial intelligence technology is programmed like as , it can able to take self decision to solving a problem . 

               If you want to know that in a very simple manner than you think or we can say that you imagine as like , whatever intelligence activities of human being the same activities are perform by this Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) or you can say act by this Artificial Intelligence  ( A.I ) .

              Artificial Intelligence  ( A.I ) is giving a boost to the boundaries of the machine to enabled it's functionalities . This gives dynamical innovation to this technology facilitates machine to perform with a degree of autonomy .

               The following given is a primary advantages of the Artificial Intelligence (A.I)

1) Because of Artificial Intelligence Reduction in Human error : 

           The term " Human error " was arise because human being make mistakes so much in time to time . But if you talk about computer or a machine however , do not make these mistakes if they are programmed properly .  

            As we talk about Artificial Intelligence  ( A.I ) . the artificial intelligence , the decision are taken from the previously stored information applying a certain set of algorithms . So that , error are reduced and chance of getting accuracy with a greater degree of precision in a possibility .

        

2) Artificial Intelligence takes the risks instead of Humans :

              This is the biggest advantages of this Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) . We are able to overcome to many risky limitation of Human by developing an Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) . 

            So let's understand this concept with one example, we take help of robots in the protection security of country boundaries . So if any damages or fault happen during shooting , bombarding in the war , it is very easily to recoverable, But if we talk about Human Being in place of robot than it is quite harder to controlled the life of the army .

            So here , for security purpose Robot take risks more than the limitation of Human Being .

3) The Artificial Intelligence are available 24 times 7 :

            As you know that Machine are very efficiently work for a longer period of time without getting tired . But in case of our's Human Being it is not possible to work that much of time .

             So here , Artificial Intelligence provides services 24 into 7 hours , without getting tired and leave . So this is the major role play by this Artificial Intelligence ( A.I ) .

  

 Explain working principle of negative clamper circuit

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   First of all we see , what is clamper circuit? , so the clamper circuit , which changes or we can say that shift direct current ( D.C )  signal to according to our desire level , without any changing the shape of the signal.

 So , here in this negative clamper circuit we go to learn it's working principle or we can say that in other words that , we go to learn it's operation of this negative clamper circuit. 

  So , here the negative clamper circuit consist of a diode , a resistor and a capacitor. The negative clamper circuit shifted the output ( O/P ) waveform signal to the negative portion when we give sinusoidal input ( I/P ) waveform signal .

    During Positive Half Cycle

                                  

So , during in a positive half cycle , the input ( I/P ) of this circuit is equal to ( Vm )  volt . And therefore the diode goes in forward biased condition . And if we consider , this diode is a ideal diode , than it is represented by the short circuit .

                                                               

                    And due to that , constructively this resistor will also get short circuited . So therefore , in during positive half cycle the capacitor will get charged through this path and this capacitor will get charged upto peak value of the voltage ( Vm ) . So therefore , during positive half cycle the output ( O/P ) voltage Vout will be equal to zero ( 0 ) .

   During Negative Half Cycle

                                             

So , during in a negative half cycle , the polarity of the input ( I/P ) voltage signal will get reversed . And now here , if you notice the voltage , which is appearing or we can say that come into existence across the diode is equal to ( - 2Vm ) . It's means that summation of these two  ( Vm ) voltages and therefore that this diode get in reversed biased condition , so that we can replace it with the open circuit.

                                                

             So , in during negative half cycle , the output ( O/P ) voltage ,

                       Vout = - Vm - Vm

                       Vout = - 2Vm

So , if you come see the overall output ( O/P ) waveform signal , than it will look like this , 

That's mean that ,the entire input ( I/P ) waveform signal , get shifted to a voltage of    - Vm . Now even though , the clamper circuit changes the direct current ( D.C ) level of the input ( I/P ) waveform signal , but here in  peak to peak voltage of the output ( O/P ) waveform signal is remain same as the given input waveform signal .

              So , here if you come to see , the input ( I/P ) waveform signal is varying from  ( Vm ) to ( - Vm ) . It's means that the peak to peak voltage of the waveform signal is equal to ( 2Vm ) . While in the output ( O/P ) the waveform signal is varying from ( 0 ) to (-2Vm) . It's means that , here also the peak to peak voltage is equal to ( 2Vm ) .

              So , in this way by using this negative clamper circuit , the Direct Current ( D.C ) level of the input ( I/P ) waveform signal can be shifted towards the negative side .

 State the need of filters

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If we look for need of filters , than first of all we need to understand where do  filter is used ? 

       Filters is used in the rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that in other words that it is used in a rectifier bridge device .

            So , first of all let's see what is rectifier , rectifier is an electronic device or we can say that , rectifier is an electronics circuit which is used for converting  (A.C) voltage or (A.C) current into a unidirectional flow of pulsating (D.C) voltage or (D.C) current .

            As we know that rectifier bridge circuit gives output (O/P) pulsating direct current (D.C) but it is no more able to gives pure direct current . So because of this , we no more longer use in a some devices or we can say that some circuit because it may damage the circuit .

            So overcome to this problem , we used filters to get pure direct current output (O/P).

1) As we know that , rectifier bridge circuit are used to convert alternate current  (A.C) to direct current (D.C) but it not gives pure direct current so here filters play a very significant role to gives output pure direct current output .

2) Most advanced electronics system need pure direct current (D.C) supply to drive the electronics system .

3) To build a good power supply , which gives output pure direct current  (D.C) , we need to removed out alternate current (A.C) from the output rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that in other words that , we need to filtered out the alternate current (A.C) from the output (O/P) of the rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that rectifier bridge device .

4) Filters are the electronics device or we can say that , filters are the electronics circuit, which is used along with rectifier in order to get a pure ripple free direct current (D.C) .

5) Filters can connected with any type of rectifier bridge circuit or we can say that rectifier bridge device given as , Half wave rectifier bridge circuit (HWR) and Full wave rectifier bridge circuit (FWR) 

6) The filters circuit uses Resistor (R) , Capacitor (C) and Inductor (L) , That's why it is called as passive filters .

Explain working of half wave rectifier with the help of diagram & waveform

 Explain / Describe working of half wave bridge rectifier with the help of diagram & waveform

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POSITIVE HALF CYCLE

If supply of positive half cycle to the circuit than the diode in the circuit start conducting in a forward biased condition . We know that diode start operating in a forward biased or we can say that start working in a forward biased . But not conducting or we can say that not start working in a reversed biased mode .

              So , here in this circuit when supply of positive half cycle is apply to the circuit then diode conducted in a forward biased and that's why it allow current to flow through the conductor along through Load Resistor ( RL ) .

            So , if we see the input (I/P) and output (O/P) wave signal than its look like is as , if we give positive half wave signal to this circuit than we will get output of this signal .

  

        Negative Half Cycle 

If supply of negative half cycle to the circuit than the diode in the circuit not start conducted or we can say that diode start conducted in a reversed biased mode condition . As we know that diode start operating in a forward biased mode condition or we can say that start working in a forward biased mode condition . But if we apply negative half wave cycle to this circuits than it's start operating in a reversed biased mode condition .

              So , here in this circuit when negative half wave cycle is apply to the circuit then diode not conducted in a forward biased mode condition and that's why it doesn't allow current to flow through the conductor along through Load Resistor (RL) .

           So , if we see the input (I/P) and output (O/P) wave signal than it's look like as , if we give negative half wave signal to this circuit than we will not get output of this signal .

                

            

        

State the need of biasing of transistor

 State the need of biasing of transistor 

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To understanding the need of biasing of transistor , first of all we need to understand the term what is biasing ? 

          Biasing means to supply a power supply to the circuit or we can say that apply D.C or A.C signal to the given circuit for start operating .

              So , in electronics and in electricals all devices or we can say that all circuits are work or we can say that start operating only by supplying power supply .

              So like that, here transistor work in a biasing mode . A biasing is required to operate the transistor or we can say that to start working of the transistor . Without biasing , it is not more able to obtain an output ( O/P ) .

              A biasing is required to activate the transistor and prevents it to either saturation mode or cut-off mode . A biasing is a phenomenon or a concept of getting a proper D.C collector current at a certain D.C voltage by setting up a proper point .

Narrow Band Pass Filter

 Narrow Band Pass Filter

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Here , in this topic we are going to learn Narrow Band Pass Filter ( NBPF ) . So , the Narrow Band Pass Filter is also known by the other name called as or we can say that known as multiple feedback filter .

             So , question arises here , why we called or known by the name " multiple feedback filter " .

              Because this Narrow Band Pass Filter has two feedback path , Hence it is called by the name is multiple feedback path .

               In this Narrow Band Pass Filter , there is only one active component is taken in use is operational amplifier ( Op-amp ) in place of two active ( Op-amp ) .

                   This Narrow Band Pass Filter is work only in inverting configuration or we can say that in another words that inverting mode .

                 The Narrow Band Pass Filter or we can say that multiple feedback filter is design for particular or specifically for value of center frequency  ( fc ) , Q which is called as quality factor and Bandwidth .

                   So , we know that in Band Pass Filter there is two cut-off frequency , which is 

1) High cut-off frequency , which is denoted by ( fH ) .

2) Low cut-off frequency , which is denoted by ( fL ) .

          And here we also know that , High cut-off frequency is always greater than low cut-off frequency that is , fH > fL .

           The Q-factor , which is known as 

quality factor is greater than 10 that is ,Q >10

          Now here , if we see the relation between Q-factor , 3db bandwidth and the centre frequency ( fc ) is given by , 

                        Q = fc / BW

                         But   Band-width = fH - fL

             i.e.      Q = fc / fH - fL

       The center frequency is as , fc = √ fH . fL

Where as , 

Q = quality factor

fL = Low cut-off frequency 

fH = High cut-off frequency

BW= Band-width

fc = center frequency

So , Here in this Narrow Band Pass Filter there is two capacitor is there .

One capacitor C1 at the inverting input of the terminal and second capacitor C2 at the inverting terminal for feedback .

       So in this circuit , for specific calculation C1 = C2 = C it means that the capacitor C1 and C2 is both equal to C .

         So , in this circuit what is the value of Resistor (R1) , (R2) and (R3)

              R1 = Q / 2 .pi.fc.C.AF

              R2 = Q / 2 .pi.fc.C (2Q square - AF)

              R3 = Q / 2 .pi.fc.C

   This is required for calculation purpose .

               Gain is denoted by AF

Here , AF is the gain at the center frequency ( fc ) . The center frequency gain shows the 

                AF = R3 / 2R1

   The gain must be satisfied the following condition i.e. therefore ,

                      AF < 2Q square   , it means that gain must be less than 2 times quality factor square .

 

    If we see , the frequency response of the Narrow Band Pass Filter , so the frequency response draw in between frequency and gain .

                                        

                                                

So , here in this frequency response graph show that , ( fL ) show low cut-off frequency and ( fH ) show high cut-off frequency .  So in both low cut-off frequency and high cut-off frequency there is narrow band pass filter's bandwidth is exist .

             Here , in this center frequency ( fc ) , we can change with new frequency ( f'c ) without changing the gain or bandwidth by changing the R2 to R'2 so like that .

                  If we change the value of Resistor R2 with any value R'2 so it is given as ,

               R'2 = R2 ( fc / f'c ) whole square

In this way we can change the center frequency with new center frequency .