Tuesday, 7 September 2021

A train cross a tunnel in 20 seconds at the entry of the tunnel velocity is 72 km/hr and the exist of the tunnel 36 km/hr. Find the length of the tunnel.

Solution:-

  t = 20 second.

 u = 72 km/hr  =   72×1000 / 3600 

                    u =   20 m/s   

  v = 36 km/hr = 36×1000 / 3600

                   v  =   10m/s

  a =  v - u / t

     =  10 - 20 / 20

     = -10 / 20

   a   = - 0. 5 m/s2 


v2   =  u2  + 2as

S    =  v2 - u2 / 2a

      =  (10)2  - (20)2  / (2 ) × (- 0.5)

      =  100 - 400 / -1

      = -300 / -1

 S   = 300 m


                             The length of the tunnel is 300m.

Monday, 6 September 2021

State applications of connectors used in optical fiber communication

1) Optical fiber connectors are used to join optical fiber where a connect /disconnect capability is required.

2) Optical fiber connectors are used in telephone exchange for customer premises wiring and in outside plant applications to connect equipment and fiber-optical cables.

3) Outside plant application may require connectors be located underground or on outdoors walls or utility poles.

Compare p-i-n and avalanche photodetector

 Pin diode:- 

1)  PIN photodiode does not have a high intensity electric field region.

 2) sensitivity is very low in PIN photodiode.


Avalanche photodetector:- 

1) Avalanche photodetector is a high-intensity electric field region.

2) sensitivity is very high in Avalanche photodetector.

Give selection procedure of compensation.


1) In general there are two situation in which compensation is required.


2) In 1st case, the system is absolutely unstable & the compensation is required to stabilize, if as well as to achieve a specified performance.


3) In 2nd case the system is stable, but the compensation is required to obtain the desired performance.


4) The system which are type 2 or higher are usually absolutely unstable, for these type of system clearly load compensator increase the margin of stability.


5) In type 0, type 1 system stable operation is always possible, if the gain if sufficiently reduced. In Such cases any of the 3 compensator lead, lag and Lead lag may be used to obtained the desired performance.



Compare lead and lag compensator

 Lead compensator   

1) Introduce lead phase shift in the system

2) Improve transient response

3) Decrease rise time 

4) Decrease settling time 

5) Increase Bandwidth

6) Faster response

7) less overshoot

8) Increasing damping


Lag compensator 

1) Introduce lag phase shift in the system

2) Improve steady state response

3) Increase rise time. 

4) Increase settling time.

5) Decrease Bandwidth 

6) Slow response 

7) Increase overshoot.

8) Decrease damping



State function of switches in optical fiber link.

  

1) An optical switch is a device that selectively switches optical signals from one channel to another.

2) In commercial terms it refer to any piece of circuit switching equipment between fibers.

3) The switches are used to switch the traffic stream from primary fiber into another fiber in case the primary fiber fails.



What is the function of OTDR

 i) OTDR detects faults going in the optical fiber       link.

 ii) Fast automatic testing.

 iii) Troubleshoot the faults in optical fiber                   communication.

iv) Maintain optical telecommunication network.


Requirements of rectifiers

Rectifier is a electronic circuit or a device which is used for converting AC voltage/current to DC voltage/current.

Requirements of rectifiers:- i) Rectifier is able to convert two directional Alternate Current (AC) to unidirectional pulsating Direct Current (DC).

ii) Rectifier removes, the negative part from Alternate Current (AC).

iii) By using Rectifier and step-down transformer we get desired DC voltage.

iv) Rectifier divided into two types:-  a) Half wave rectifier

                                                    b) Full wave rectifier

State concept of GPON

 

GPON or Gigabit passive optical network is a point to multipoint access mechanism.

The main characteristics of GPON is the use of passive splitters, which enable a single feeding fiber from the networks provider's central location to serve multiple users with their homes and small business. 

GPON uses the advanced Encryption standard (AES) for security purpose, which was designed to be efficient in both hardware and software and support a block length of 128 bits and key length 128, 192 and 256 bits.

GPON also support all types of Ethernet protocol.

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